giovedì 17 dicembre 2009

Fiat - Fix It Again Marchionne (English)

So this is pretty straight forward. In the last 5 years, the company hasn’t generated enough cash to cover the investments it’s made. Yes, it’s become profitable again, but the cash generation has always been weak or non-existent and long term a company can’t function if it doesn’t generate cash. Why not talk about profits, dividends, ROIC, etc? Because if there isn’t any cash flow, all this is simply money lent to shareholders by the creditors.
So the figures are:


In this time period, the company has burnt € 2.1bln of cash including the change in working capital and € 1.4bln without taking into account the change in working capital. What happened? Essentially it seems the investments necessary every year to renew the range of models and conduct research for new models have been too big and aren’t being paid back. On average they’ve invested 6.8% of revenues every year from 2004 to 2008 whilst depreciation and amortisation has been only 5.2% of revenues. 1.6% may not sound like a lot, but when revenues are around € 55bln each year, 1.6% is nearly € 900m.
So how did they manage to improve the net debt position up until 2008? Because of how the Fiat business model works. If Fiat pays its suppliers after 270 days and needs only 60 days to produce a car and sell it, the suppliers are not only supplying the raw materials necessary to make the car, but also the credit that goes towards reducing Fiat’s debt. And when the revenues grow, the trade payables grow faster than the trade receivables creating a virtuous circle. For example, let’s say that I take 100 of raw materials on 1st January to pay within 270 days. 1st March I sell the car for 120. The net cash position is now positive 120 and remains the same for the next 7 months. And if I increase the order for raw materials on 1st March to 200 and sell the 2 cars che I produce on 1st May for 240, I have a net cash position of 360 and trade payables of 300 that I have to pay on 1st October and 1st December have financed my production. If I then stop selling, my net cash position drops to 60 which is the difference between the revenues of 360 (3 times 120) and the costs of 300 (3 times 100). Which is the correct net cash position. It’s important to note that it’s only when the sales drop that the problems become apparent.
And when the economy turns as in 2008 the problems come to light. To go back to the table above, it’s evident that in 2005-2007 the change in working capital reduced the net debt by € 3.5bln, but, when the economy slowed in 2008 and the situation reversed, the net debt increased by nearly € 4bln.
But it’s not just that the business is incapable of producing cash, I believe it’s also following the wrong path with respect to the cars it’s producing. As far as I can make out, the regeneration of Fiat is mainly due to the popularity of the 500. And the man who pushed for the relaunch of this car was Lapo Elkann, who now has nothing to do with the group. Thanks to the 500, Fiat managed to relaunch the brand and get people to identify with a car that seems representative of ‘Italian-ness’. Style, elegance and the fun things in life. More recently we’ve been able to enjoy the launch of the Qubo. I believe the 500 is, or maybe was, the opportunity to sell Fiat cars to the world, but if, after the 500, the range of cars doesn’t remain in keeping with this Italian style, the moment will be lost.
And together with this I don’t understand why at least one of the 3 brands doesn’t get cut to concentrate on Fiat, and maybe one Alfa Romeo car. And why this wasn’t done 3 or 4 years ago. The idea is to produce at most 4 cars that immediately strike you as being Italian. The 500, probably something the same size as a Golf, the Alfa Romeo Spyder and one other. They should all represent style, elegance, the pleasure of life and the way in which Italians do this so simply. To explain this concept, let’s look at how Italians and Americans do coffee. In an Italian bar, you can get an espresso, a cappuccino and maybe a macchiato, but the last one is already a bit extravagant. It’s not like Starbucks where you can get a half-latte, double skinny frappuccino with caramel and it’s going to be just as disgusting as the thousand other choices because fundamentally they don’t understand how to make coffee. Keep It Simple Stupid. Porsche, not by chance, makes a lot of money when it decides to only sell the 911 like it’s done for 30 years. When it decides to start with the Boxster, the Cayman, the Cayenne, the Panamera and then try to buy VW, it all goes wrong. As happened at the end of the 80s with the 924 and the 944. Fiat – 4 cars, Italian, well made, basta. And quit offering a thousand different options.
And Chrysler? At least it’s free. And how much can a free business cost? The time and effort of management for a start. I’ve heard that Mercedes cars went downhill during teh years it had control of Chrysler because they had to send all their engineers over to America to keep an eye on Chrysler and so didn’t have enough talent back in Germany. And Chrysler’s problems aren’t recent and a result of the crisis as Daimler had already started a restructuring plan in 2006 to combat the losses made that year. At a point in time when car sales are being kept at a decent level only thanks to the incentive plans rolled out by various governments my worry is that the force necessary to resolve Chrysler’s problems together with that necessary to resolve Fiat’s is too big and both companies risk being overwhelmed.
So what would be the normal level for sales without the incentives? In America, the replacement rate for cars is estimated to be 12.5mln per year against a rate that’s looks to be averaging around 10mln recently, was 17mln a year a couple of years back and a prediction by Chrysler of sales of 14.5mln in 2014. But, as far as I can see, this presupposes that the banks return to recent lending standards. Which I don’t believe is likely due to the amount of debt still in the system in America or useful given these policies produced the problems we currently see. Chrysler needs to sell 2mln cars per year to breakeven and aims to sell 70% of these in America , or 1.4mln cars. Will Chrysler manage to reach a high enough market share? It currently has less than 9% and, at the risk of looking at the tree rather than the forest, in November, its sales dropped 25%, while Ford’s rose 14% and GM’s dropped 2%. In Italy, group sales (Crysler, Dodge and Jeep) dropped 50% this year. It’s looks to be a difficult task.
And the Italian market? I estimate that the replacement rate is 1.7mln cars per year (current fleet is 34mln, accoridng to UNRAE), whilst the introduction of eco-incentivi meant that 2009 sales are likely to be unchanged with respect to 2008. If 1.7mln is the normal level while the market takes a break, sales in Italy are likely to drop 20-25% when the eco-incentivi stop. As they did in the first few months of 2009. Sales drop this much when the government stops its incentive program because everyone who wants to buy a car does it before the incentive program runs out. For example, in America, sales rose to an annualised level of 14mln in August due to the effect of Cash for Clunkers to then drop in September to around 9mln, below the level of May and June. After a year of eco-incentivi, I expect a period of at least 6 months of weakness in the car market. And what does that mean for Fiat Auto? A year in which margin and sales are likely to be the same as those in the first 3 months of 2009. Sales will drop around 20%, Fiat Auto will have a margin of 0% and the components manufacturing business will be at around -5%.
The value of the business? As long as it’s run like it is now and doesn’t generate any cash, not a lot. It’ll follow the rhythm of the market and then have a capital increase every 6/7 years to make the debt position viable again. And will then burn this cash. I hope we don’t see the 500 become VW’s version of the Mini, but I fear that’s the road we’re heading down at the moment.

venerdì 11 dicembre 2009

Fiat - Fix It Again Marchionne

C’e’ una cosa semplice da dire. Negli ultimi 5 anni l’azienda non ha generato abbastanza cassa per coprire tutti gli investimenti che ha fatto. Si’, sono tornati gli utili, ma la generazione di cassa e’ sempre stata debole o inesistente e un azienda non funziona a lungo se non crea cassa. Perche’ non parlo degli utili, il rendimento sul patrimonio netto, i dividendi? Perche’ se non vengono dalla cassa prodotta dall’azienda sono tutti semplicemente prestati dai fornitori del debito.
Quindi le cifre sono:

Cifre calcolate dai bilanci

In questi anni, l’azienda ha bruciato € 2.1mld di cassa incluso la variazione del capitale circolante e € 1.4mld senza questa variazione. Cosa e’ successo? Praticamente gli investimenti ogni anno per rinnovare la gamma di macchine, fare la ricerca per i nuovi modelli sono troppo grandi e non vengono ripagati. Mediamente hanno investito il 6.8% dei ricavi all’anno dal 2004 al 2008, mentre gli ammortamenti erano solo il 5.2% dei ricavi. E’ solo l’ 1.6% dei ricavi ogni anno, ma quando i ricavi sono intorno a € 55mld all’anno, l’1.6% e’ quasi € 900mln.
Ma come mai la posizione finanziaria netta migliorava fino al 2008 allora? Per come funziona il modello di Fiat. Se Fiat paga i fornitori dopo 270 giorni e ha bisogno di solo 60 giorni per fare che le materie prime diventano una macchina e questa macchina viene venduta, i fornitori forniscono non solo le materie prime ma anche un credito all’azienda che va a ridurre il fabbisogno del debito industriale. E quando i ricavi crescono, i debiti verso i fornitori crescono piu’ velocemente che i crediti verso la clientela in un ciclo virtuoso. Per fare un esempio, diciamo che prendo 100 di materie il primo gennaio da pagare entro 270 giorni. Il primo marzo, vendo la macchina per 120. La posizione finanziaria netta e’ adesso positiva per 120 e rimane uguale per i prossimi sette mesi. E se aumento l’ordine per le materie prime al primo marzo fino al 200 e vendo le 2 macchine che produco al primo maggio per 240, ho una posizione finanziaria netta positiva di 360 e i debiti verso i fornitori di 300 che devo pagare il primo ottobre e il primo dicembre mi hanno finanziato l’operazione. Se poi smetto di vendere, la posizione finanziaria netta scende al 60 cioe’ la differenza fra i ricavi (3 volte 120) e i costi (3 volte 100). Che sia la posizione finanziaria netta, per dire, vera. Importante da notare che solo quando vedo la produzione diminuire che i problemi vengono fuori.
E quando la situazione si inverte come nel 2008, i problemi vengano alla luce. Per tornare alla tabella sopra, si vede che nel periodo 2005-2007, la variazione del capitale circolante ha contribuito a ridurre il debito per € 3.5mld, ma quando ci ne sono stati i problemi l’anno scorso la variazione ha ridotto la generazione di cassa da quasi € 4mld.
Ma non e’ solo che l’azienda non produce un giro di cassa positiva, credo che segue anche la strada sbagliata sulle macchine. Per quanto vedo, la rigenerazione di Fiat e’ dovuto per una grande parte al fatto che hanno rilanciato la 500. E l’uomo che ha spinto che questo succede era’ Lapo Elkann. Chi adesso non fa niente per il gruppo. Con la 500 Fiat e’ riuscito a rilanciare il marchio e fare che la gente identifica con l’auto che rappresenta l’essere italiano, stile, eleganza e il piacere della vita. E adesso possiamo invece godere il lancio del Qubo. Credo che la 500 e’, forse era’, l’occasione per vendere le macchine Fiat al mondo, ma se dopo la 500 la gamma delle macchine non rappresenta questo essere italiano l’occasione viene persa.
Ed insieme con questo non capisco perche’ non viene tolta al minimo uno delle tre marche che hanno per concentrare tutto sulla Fiat, con forse un modello di Alfa Romeo. E perche’ questa mossa non e’ stata fatta 3 o 4 anni fa. L’idea e’ che l’azienda dovrebbe produrre al massimo 4 veicoli che sono italiane all’occhio. La 500, qualcosa tipo una golf, poi un Alfa Romeo spider e un altra. Da rappresentare stile, eleganza, vivere bene e il modo in cui gli italiani fanno questo in una maniere semplice. Per spiegare il concetto, dentro un bar italiano, si prende un espresso, un cappuccino o un macchiato, ma gia’ l’ultima e’ un po’ stravagante. Non e’ come Starbucks dove si va per un half-latte, double skinny frappuccino con caramella ed e’ una schifezza totale come ogni altra delle mille scelte che fanno perche’ non capiscono il principio di base per come fare un bel caffe’. Keep It Simple Stupid. Porsche, non a caso, fa gli utili negli anni in cui vende la 911 e basta come ha fatto per 30 anni. Quando decide di fare una boxster, una cayman, una cayenne, una panamera e provare a comprare VW, si rovina. Come ha fatto al fine degli anni ottanta con la 924 e la 944. Fiat – 4 macchine, italiane, fatte bene, basta. E smettere con tutti i vari motori, opzioni.
E Chrysler? Almeno e’ gratis. E cosa puo’ costare un azienda gratis? Il tempo e l’energia dei dirigenti per primo. Ho sentito dire che le macchine Mercedes sono peggiorate durante gli anni in cui la Daimler aveva controllo della Chrysler perche’ hanno dovuto mandare tutti gli ingegneri bravi negli Stati Uniti per controllare la qualita’ delle macchine Chrysler e di conseguenza non avevano abbastanza in Germania. E i problemi della Chrysler non sono da poco tempo e il risultato del crisi dato che la Daimler ha avviato un piano di ristrutturazione per la Chrysler gia’ nel 2006 per confrontare le perdite di quell’anno. Ad un momento quando le vendite delle macchine sono tenute ad un livello decente solo grazie agli incentivi erogati dai vari governi avrei paura che le forze per risolvere i problemi della Chrysler insieme con le forze che sono necessarie per risolvere i problemi della Fiat sono troppo grandi e rischiano di affondare tutte e due le aziende.
Allora cosa sarebbe il livello normale per le vendite delle macchine senza gli ecoincentivi? Negli Stati Uniti, il livello necessario per tenere le macchine a quello esistente e’ 12.5mln all’anno contro un tasso di circa 10mln oggi, 17mln all’anno durante gli anni recenti ed una previsione da Chrysler che le vendite sono 14.5mln nel 2014. Ma per quanto leggo questo suppone che le banche tornano ad erogare credito come prima. Che non credo sia probabile per la quantita’ del credito ancora dentro la sistema o utile se porta ai problemi che abbiamo adesso di nuovo. Chrysler deve vendere 2mln di macchine all’anno per non fare una perdita e prevede di vendere circa 70% negli Stati Uniti, o 1.4mln di macchine. La Chrysler riesce ad arrivare ad avere un percentuale del mercato abbastanza alto? Adesso ne ha meno di 9% e, al rischio di guardare l’albero invece della foresta, a novembre le vendite di Chrysler sono scese di 25% mentre Ford ha visto un aumento di 14% e General Motors un discesa di solo 2%. In Italia, le vendite del gruppo (Chrysler, Dodge e Jeep) sono scese del 50% quest’anno. Lo vedo difficile.
E il mercato in Italia? Stimo che si deve vendere 1.7mln macchine all’anno per tenere il parco circolante al livello di adesso (34mln, secondo UNRAE), mentre gli ecoincentivi fanno che il mercato non flette neanche quest’anno. Se 1.7mln sia il livello normale mentre il mercato prende una pausa, le vendite complessive in Italia scendono del 20-25% quando gli eco-incentivi vengono tolti. Come hanno fatto nei primi mesi di quest’anno. Vediamo una discesa notevole delle vendite quando il governo decide di non dare piu’ queste sovvenzioni per il fatto che tutta la gente che vuole comprare una macchina lo fa prima che scadono gli incentivi. Per esempio, negli Stati Uniti le vendite sono salite ad un livello di 14mln all’anno in agosto sotto l’effetto ‘Cash for Clunkers’ per poi scendere in settembre intorno a 9mln sotto il livello di maggio e giugno. Dopo un anno di eco-incentivi aspetto un periodo di probabile almeno 6 mesi di debolezza per il mercato. E cosa vuole dire per la Fiat Auto? Un anno in cui i margini e le vendite sono come quelli dei primi tre mesi del 2009. Le vendite saranno intorno al -20% e i margini a 0 e le aziende che fanno i componenti avranno un margine operativo a -5%.
Il valore dell’azienda? Fino a quando va avanti come adesso e non genera cassa, non tanto. Segue l’umore del mercato e poi fa un aumento di capitale ogni 6/7 anni per mettere il debito al posto che poi verra’ bruciata successivamente. Spero che non siamo a vedere la 500 diventare per VW come la Mini e’ per BMW con il resto del gruppo spezzato ma mi sembra questa e’ la strada che l’azienda segue adesso.

venerdì 4 dicembre 2009

What is money? Or why bankers handing out cash makes us poorer

English this week. And a note in advance. All English posts will deal with broad macro, airy fairy thinking that I can’t do in Italian. Be warned and don’t expect precision.
So this is my attempt to try to clarify what money is and how playing around with it will have an effect on our lives. Well, obviously it will because we all need money. But, importantly, not like we need food and shelter. Since even without money we can all survive if we use a form of barter to exchange goods and services directly. So far, so very medieval. So how does bartering work and why is money better?
Let’s barter. I produce carrots, you produce chickens. We swap 20 carrots for 1 chicken. I’m happy, but you actually only want the carrots to swap with the shop to buy fertiliser and milk. Where 1 bag of fertiliser costs 40 carrots and a pint of milk costs 3 carrots. But you can also exchange chickens. And the shopkeeper is willing to give you 1 bag of fertiliser and 1 pint of milk for 2 chickens because, while we were trading, he’s discovered he doesn’t need the carrots for the post office’s horse as he doesn’t need to send a letter anymore. So you’re left with the 40 carrots, which now need to find a home otherwise they’ll go mouldy. Is this rapidly becoming complicated? I hope so. In such a situation, there are multiple exchange rates and there’s also the problem of dealing with, for example, chickens being indivisible into smaller units of exchange (at least while they’re alive) and the fact that carrots go mouldy if you don’t eat them fast enough. Money overcomes these problems by being accepted as a recognised medium of exchange and providing a store of value. Why was gold used as the original form of money? Because it doesn’t change or rust, unlike iron, so you can be sure that in a year’s time your gold will be as it is now. And the person who accepts your gold can also be sure of this.
(This is a link to an article on stone money - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rai_stones the history part is very informative)
Importantly, for money to be a store of value, it also needs to be difficult to create, which is why gold, and stone in the example above, has always been useful since mining for gold requires considerable effort.
Unlike now when we have a fiat currency. Fiat is a Latin word and means let it be and in this case the value of the currency derives from the fact that a Government or Central Bank decrees it has a value. Here the problem begins. Because the banks have no limit on how much money they can print if they so desire. Zimbabwe recently is a very good example of what can happen when the central bank prints so much money that everybody becomes a multi-trillionaire. Everyone’s so much richer, yet so much poorer. The actions of the Bank of England, Federal Reserve, Bank of Japan and European Central Bank over the course of the last year are the same as those of the central bank of Zimbabwe, though on a lesser scale. Lowering interest rates, quantitative easing and lowering collateral requirements for lending to the central bank all serve to increase the amount of money in circulation, ceteris paribus. The idea is that a bank which is earning a return of 0 on its cash holdings will do something with the money and a saver who has cash in the bank will spend it since it is providing no return.
(Quantitative easing is the creation of money by a central bank and then using it to buy bonds held on a normal bank’s balance sheet. The bank now has cash instead of assets and can use this cash to make more loans or buy other assets.)
So what’s the effect so far? Well, the banks are doing something with the money. They’re buying any liquid asset in existence. Commodities, bonds, stocks, anything that will provide a return and whose value is not dependent on decisions taken by the central banks. But broadly they’re not lending to businesses or consumers. Because consumers aren’t taking their cash out of the bank and businesses aren’t looking to invest.
Because there’s a point which the central banks have overlooked which is that flooding the system with money as happened in Zimbabwe makes certain assumptions about the health of the system, its ability to invest that money productively and the desires of the consumer which have not been satiated. I want to emphasise productively and not satiated. The policies we’re seeing now come at the tail end of a bubble that has lasted 11 years, if not longer. The response by the Federal Reserve at every juncture (and the British and European Central Banks at quite a few) has been to lower interest rates and encourage the status quo to continue. This means the system has been increasingly biased towards consumer spending in general, and particularly on cars and housing as well as on goods of increasing luxury and decreasing necessity. In part the reason the central banks are not having any success is that the consumer realises that there is little more to buy, that more debt is unsupportable and that the businesses which have grown up around this consumer need to rebalance in favour of… What? This is partly the problem. Nobody seems to be quite sure where they should be investing next. Only that there are more than enough houses in the world, more than enough capacity for cars, luxury shoes, TVs and electronic goods, but not enough capacity for…
My theory, working on a elaboration of something I read on a site (www.minyanville.com not bad for an overview of US markets) is not just that we’ll become more interested in the immaterial pleasures rather than the material, but that this also involves a focus more on the local than the global and more on education and the community than has been the case in the past few years. This is likely to happen partly as a function of necessity as people become relatively well off as the rise of the emerging markets means there will be more competition for material resources and the system we have created suffers from the dislocation necessary to rebalance. This dislocation is necessary to change people’s perception of success and the material rewards inherent from that success. Because the brain drain to the banking, finance and associated sectors that has been created by the central banks and governments continually emphasising the success of these sectors is most likely what will be very damaging for our future prospects. And sure the governments and central bankers have resolved the short term problem of do we have enough money, but they haven’t solved the long term problem of what we do with it, whether it is productively invested or not and therefore whether it makes us richer and better off. It’s not the amount of money we have that makes us wealthy but how much we have spare. Banking, law and finance currently seem to be the best places to invest for one’s future success which, as a contrarian play, probably means the best thing to do at the moment is to become a farmer. Just about the least sexy job there is, so probably where there’s most money to be made.
And where does one invest in this scenario? In oneself is one answer, though, as above maybe not in the skills the world currently thinks are most rewarding, in cash is another and then I think I’m looking at companies that enhance efficiency and that will help with delivering the immaterial. Which is why I’m still fairly keen on the long telecoms companies/ short motorways and airlines trade, for a world that’s delivering more bytes and fewer goods over a long distance.